28 results
Resting-state gamma oscillations in adult Autism spectrum disorder: A High-Density EEG study
- B. Kakuszi, B. Szuromi, M. Tóth, I. Bitter, P. Czobor
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 66 / Issue S1 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 July 2023, pp. S611-S612
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Introduction
Autism is neurodevelopmental disorder with a heterogeneous presentation of symptoms, which include disturbances in sensory, motor and cognitive processes, among which social cognitive impairments and social interaction difficulties play prominent role. Despite the fact that these impairments can lead to lifelong disability and difficulties in everyday functioning, their neurobiological basis remains largely unknown. Neural oscillations in the gamma band have been shown to be an important candidate neurobiological marker of higher order cognitive processes and social interactions. Yet, alterations of gamma oscillations in ASD have received little attention in the literature.
ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to investigate resting state gamma oscillations in the EEG in order to delineate alterations in ASD as compared to typically developing (TD) subjects in the intrinsic activity of the neural networks that have been linked to social cognitive functioning.
MethodsResting-state EEGs were obtained in an ongoing study investigating ASD (N=19) and TD subjects (N=15), based on eyes closed condition. EEGs were recorded using a 128-channel BioSemi system. EEG absolute power was investigated in the gamma 30-48Hz frequency band.
ResultsGamma activity was significantly (p<0.05) diminished in multiple brain regions in ASD as compared TD subjects. The diminished gamma activity had a distinctive topographical distribution, which included the left and right inferior temporal gyrus, the right superior temporal gyrus, the TPJ and the right extrastriate areas. Additionally, we found a hemispheric asymmetry in the occipital brain areas with a decrease of gamma activity on the right and an increase in the left hemisphere as compared to TD.
ConclusionsDiminished gamma activity in the above brain areas may represent a cortical dysfunction which can be present due to a reduced capacity to process socially relevant information and a decreased capacity to omit irrelevant stimuli.
Funding: Hungarian Brain Research program,#NAP2022-I-4/2022
Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Comparative analysis of impulsivity profiles in adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder
- E. Kenézlői, L. Balogh, S. Somogyi, E. Lévay, B. Bajzát, Z. Halmai, P. Soltész, Z. Nemoda, Z. Unoka, R. Tóth, J. Réthelyi
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2022, pp. S867-S868
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Introduction
High levels of impulsive behavior represent a core symptom of different psychiatric conditions, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), impulse control and conduct disorders, bulimia nervosa, substance use disorders, and other maladaptive behaviors. Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, having at least three factors.
ObjectivesOur aim was to describe the impulsivity profile in adult ADHD and BPD patients in comparison with a healthy control group, taking into consideration the different impulsivity factors.
MethodsaADHD (n=80) and BPD Patients (n=60) were recruited, based on the DSM-5 criteria. Control subjects (n=80) were screened using Derogatis Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). Comorbidities were assessed by structured clinical interviews. Participants were further investigated with online questionnaires including the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and neuropsychological tests, like Rogers’ decision-making test.
ResultsBased ont the BIS-11 and DERS results, significantly higher levels of impulsivity (motor, attentional, non-planning) and difficulties in emotion regulation were present both in the aADHD and BPD groups, compared to the control group. Impulsivity factors were more characteristic to aADHD, emotion dysregulation was more specific to BPD. In the Rogers test, aADHD group was significantly slower in decision-making, while in BPD decision quality and risk-taking were affected.
ConclusionsImpulsivity profiles of the two disorders are different, which leads to the assumption of potentially altered pathway of developing impulsive behavior. As a neuropsychiatric condition, impulsivity in aADHD is related to neurobiological dysinhibition, in BPD impulsive behavior is attached to emotionally involving situations, and emotional dysregulation rooted in childhood adverse events.
DisclosureNo significant relationships.
The baby and the bathwater: On the need for substantive–methodological synergy in organizational research
- Joeri Hofmans, Alexandre J. S. Morin, Heiko Breitsohl, Eva Ceulemans, Léandre Alexis Chénard-Poirier, Charles C. Driver, Claude Fernet, Marylène Gagné, Nicolas Gillet, Vicente González-Romá, Kevin J. Grimm, Ellen L. Hamaker, Kit-Tai Hau, Simon A. Houle, Joshua L. Howard, Rex B. Kline, Evy Kuijpers, Theresa Leyens, David Litalien, Anne Mäkikangas, Herbert W. Marsh, Matthew J. W. McLarnon, John P. Meyer, Jose Navarro, Elizabeth Olivier, Thomas A. O’Neill, Reinhard Pekrun, Katariina Salmela-Aro, Omar N. Solinger, Sabine Sonnentag, Louis Tay, István Tóth-Király, Robert J. Vallerand, Christian Vandenberghe, Yvonne G. T. van Rossenberg, Tim Vantilborgh, Jasmine Vergauwe, Jesse T. Vullinghs, Mo Wang, Zhonglin Wen, Bart Wille
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- Industrial and Organizational Psychology / Volume 14 / Issue 4 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 December 2021, pp. 497-504
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Comparing intermediate-term hearing results of NiTiBOND and Nitinol prostheses in stapes surgery
- A Koukkoullis, I Gerlinger, A Kovács, Z Szakács, Z Piski, I Szanyi, I Tóth, P Révész
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 135 / Issue 9 / September 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 July 2021, pp. 795-798
- Print publication:
- September 2021
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Objective
To statistically analyse the hearing thresholds of two cohorts undergoing stapedotomy for otosclerosis with two different prostheses.
MethodA retrospective study was conducted comparing NiTiBOND (n = 53) and Nitinol (n = 38) prostheses.
ResultsAverage follow-up duration was 4.1 years for NiTiBOND and 4.4 years for Nitinol prostheses. The post-operative air–bone gap was 10 dB or less, indicating clinical success. The p-values for differences between (1) pre- and post-operative values in the NiTiBOND group, (2) pre- and post-operative values in the Nitinol group, (3) pre-operative values and (4) post-operative values in the two groups were: air–bone gap – p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.631 and p = 0.647; four-frequency bone conduction threshold – p = 0.076, p = 0.129, p < 0.001 and p = 0.005; four-frequency air conduction threshold – p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.043 and p = 0.041; three-frequency (1, 2 and 4 kHz) bone conduction threshold pre-operatively – p = 0.639, p = 0.495, p = 0.001 and p = 0.01; and air conduction threshold at 4 kHz: – p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.03 and p = 0.058.
ConclusionPost-operative audiological outcomes for NiTiBOND and Nitinol were comparable.
EPA-0381 – Preliminary Studies on Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patient with Alzheimer's Disease Using Peptide Microarray
- Z. Oláh, M. Pákáski, M. Tóth E, A. Zvara, P. Klivényi, E. Ivitz, M. Sántha, L. Vécsei, Z. Janka, Z. Janka
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 29 / Issue S1 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, p. 1
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The recently published diagnotic criteria of Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes biological markers (determination of b-amyloid 1-42 (Ab), tau and phospho-tau) from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but their positive predictive value proved low, therefore a new biomarker indentification is needed. Apoptosis plays crucial role in AD pathomechanism. Ab interacts with mitochondrial proteins causing oxidative stress. That induces the impairment of energy metabolism promoting tau phosphorylation indicating apoptosis.
The purpose of this study was to identify pathognostic and apoptotic proteins in the CSF of AD patients.
Pooled CSF samples of 5x5 AD patients and 5x5 controls were used. ELISAs were performed to determine the concentrations of Ab, tau and phospho-tau. 10 ultrasensitive slides of peptide microarrays with 653 antigens were used. If the ratio of technical repeats of AD and control samples was under 0.65 that meant decreased protein concentration.
Apolipoprotein D (0,62), DNA polymerase gamma (0,51), parkin (0,58) and methylated-DNA-protein-cysteine methyltransferase (0,56) showed decreased concentration in AD in four chip pairs. The concentration of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (0,45), granzyme B (0,37) and prostate apoptosis response 4 proteins (0,60) reduced in three chip pairs.
These data contribute to the database that will be used to elucidate the new biological markers for AD. Our findings may have implications for both the diagnosis and the understanding of AD pathogenesis, by defining a patient-specific signature to diagnose AD. Using these 7 biomarkers to identify AD prior to the onset of clinical symptoms and associated with neuronal loss enables novel clinical trial design and early mechanismbased therapeutic intervention.
This study was supported by grants from OTKA (83667), and the Hungarian Ministry of Education and Culture (TÁMOP 4.2.2-08/1-2008-0002, 4.2.1./B-09/1/KONV-2010-0005-3, 4.2.4.A/2-11-1-2012-0001).
Risk factors for multiple suicidality in Hungary
- M.D. Toth, P. Osváth, V. Vörös, K. Futó, N. Ágnes, A. Székely, G. Purebl, S. Fekete
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. S403-S404
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Introduction
Suicide rate in Hungary is among the highest in the European Union (2015: 18.9/100,000 inhabitant). Although there is no national registration system of suicide attempts in Hungary, according to previous studies Hungarian Romas have three times higher suicide attempt rate than non-Romas.
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore socio-demographic and mental health risk factors of multiple suicide attempts in Hungary.
MethodsA total of 1547 suicide attempts were assessed via retrospective data analysis using patient records. Data on socio-demographic variables, psychiatric diagnoses, methods and reported reasons of suicide attempts were investigated. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors for multiple suicide attempts.
ResultsThe ratio of multiple attempters were 37.7% in the sample, with a Roma predominance (Roma: 51.8%, non-Roma: 34.8%, χ2(1) = 27.64; P < 0.001). Of the potential factors examined, Roma ethnicity (OR: 2,03; CI: 1.53–2.70; P < 0.001), economic inactivity (OR: 1.7; CI: 1.36–2.18; P < 0.001), mood disorders (OR: 1.58; CI: 1.25–1.99; P < 0.001), personality disorders (OR: 2.09; CI: 1.45–3.01; P = 0.00), organic mental disorders (OR: 1.76; CI: 1.01–3.07; P = 0.44) and mistreatment as reported reasons (OR: 3.95; CI: 1.17–13.32; P = 0.02) were found as significant risk factors of multiple suicide attempts.
ConclusionNational registration of suicide attempts would be necessary for a more thorough analysis. Beside the more advanced treatment of mental health disorders, increased efforts in prevention are recommended with a special focus of low SES groups and Roma ethnicity. The specific background factors in Roma ethnic group should be further examined.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Nutraceutical support in heart failure: a position paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)
- Arrigo F. G. Cicero, Alessandro Colletti, Stephan von Haehling, Dragos Vinereanu, Agata Bielecka-Dabrowa, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Peter P. Toth, Željko Reiner, Nathan D. Wong, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Claudio Ferri, Maciej Banach
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- Nutrition Research Reviews / Volume 33 / Issue 1 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 March 2020, pp. 155-179
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Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries. Several nutraceuticals have shown interesting clinical results in HF prevention as well as in the treatment of the early stages of the disease, alone or in combination with pharmacological therapy. The aim of the present expert opinion position paper is to summarise the available clinical evidence on the role of phytochemicals in HF prevention and/or treatment that might be considered in those patients not treated optimally as well as in those with low therapy adherence. The level of evidence and the strength of recommendation of particular HF treatment options were weighed up and graded according to predefined scales. A systematic search strategy was developed to identify trials in PubMed (January 1970 to June 2019). The terms ‘nutraceuticals’, ‘dietary supplements’, ‘herbal drug’ and ‘heart failure’ or ‘left verntricular dysfunction’ were used in the literature search. The experts discussed and agreed on the recommendation levels. Available clinical trials reported that the intake of some nutraceuticals (hawthorn, coenzyme Q10, l-carnitine, d-ribose, carnosine, vitamin D, probiotics, n-3 PUFA and beet nitrates) might be associated with improvements in self-perceived quality of life and/or functional parameters such as left ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume and cardiac output in HF patients, with minimal or no side effects. Those benefits tended to be greater in earlier HF stages. Available clinical evidence supports the usefulness of supplementation with some nutraceuticals to improve HF management in addition to evidence-based pharmacological therapy.
Constructing Ebola transmission chains from West Africa and estimating model parameters using internet sources
- W. B. P. PETTEY, M. E. CARTER, D. J. A TOTH, M. H. SAMORE, A. V. GUNDLAPALLI
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 145 / Issue 10 / July 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 May 2017, pp. 1993-2002
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During the recent Ebola crisis in West Africa, individual person-level details of disease onset, transmissions, and outcomes such as survival or death were reported in online news media. We set out to document disease transmission chains for Ebola, with the goal of generating a timely account that could be used for surveillance, mathematical modeling, and public health decision-making. By accessing public web pages only, such as locally produced newspapers and blogs, we created a transmission chain involving two Ebola clusters in West Africa that compared favorably with other published transmission chains, and derived parameters for a mathematical model of Ebola disease transmission that were not statistically different from those derived from published sources. We present a protocol for responsibly gleaning epidemiological facts, transmission model parameters, and useful details from affected communities using mostly indigenously produced sources. After comparing our transmission parameters to published parameters, we discuss additional benefits of our method, such as gaining practical information about the affected community, its infrastructure, politics, and culture. We also briefly compare our method to similar efforts that used mostly non-indigenous online sources to generate epidemiological information.
Indomethacin is Effective Against Neurogenic Hyperthermia Following Cranial Trauma or Brain Surgery
- G. Benedek, P. Tóth-Daru, J. Janáky, A. Hortobágyi, F. Obál, Jr, K. Colner-Sasi
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- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 14 / Issue 2 / May 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2015, pp. 145-148
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The effectiveness of indomethacin treatment (1 mg/kg) as an antipyretic was tested in patients after cranial trauma or brain surgery involving the centromedial forebrain. Indomethacin was effective in reducing temperature in 10 of 11 cases which showed a dipyrone-resistant hyperthermia developing in the first 24 hours after brain damage, while no significant antipyretic effect was seen in hyperthermic cases developing more than 72 hours after cranial trauma or brain surgery. Biochemical tests estimating the effect of indomethacin, and pyrazolone derivatives on the arachidonic acid metabolism showed significant effects of indomethacin only in influencing cyclooxygenase activity and no effect of any drugs on lipoxy — genase actions. In view of these observations, the use of indomethacin is recommended as a treatment for neurogenic hyperthermia.
Millimetre molecular lines in Planck cold clumps
- Paul A. Jones, Maria R. Cunningham, L. Viktor Tóth, Tie Liu, John A. P. Lopez
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- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 11 / Issue A29B / August 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 October 2016, p. 60
- Print publication:
- August 2015
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Galactic cold clumps have been identified from the Planck data (Planck Collaboration, 2011a, 2011b, 2015) as 10 342 cold (7 - 19 K) sources that stand out against a warmer environment, with the Early Cold Cores as a subsample of 915 most reliable detections. There is CO emission associated with the Planck Cold Clumps (PCCs), which has been observed with ground-based radio telescopes at higher resolution (Wu et al. 2012, Liu et al. 2014). A subset of PCCs have also been observed with Herschel at higher resolution (Juvela et al. 2012).
A southern sub-sample of the PCCs has been observed with the Mopra 22-m telescope to study the molecular gas. The Mopra telescope has 3-mm, 7-mm and 12-mm bands, with broadband correlator configuration 8-GHz wide with 0.27-MHz channels, or multiple zoom bands 137-MHz wide with 33-KHz channels, within the 8 GHz.
During the 2013 southern winter season we observed 10 clumps. This included observations in the 3-mm band of 12CO, 13CO and C18O and lines around 89 GHz (e.g. HCN, HCO+ and HNC), in the 7-mm band (e.g. CS) and in the 12-mm band (e.g. NH3). These observations were heterogenous, with sources selected by LST in gaps between observations of other projects, and band chosen by weather (i.e. in conditions unsuitable for higher frequencies, lower frequency bands were observed). During the 2014 season we observed 34 positions in 22 clumps, with zoom mode observations of lines around 89 GHz. This was a more well-defined sample of sources.
The mapping of the CO lines shows good spatial correlation of the CO with the dust column density The CO isotoplogues show high optical depth in 12CO and 13CO. The lines of HCN, HCO+ and HNC are weak, but detected in many of the 2014 sample. We are modelling the line results to determine column densities, excitation temperatures and abundances, using tools such as radex (van der Tak et al. 2007).
Bivalve Mollusk Assemblage of Bed III, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
- Claudia C. Johnson, Jackson K. Njau, Christopher E. Kauffman, Erle G. Kauffman, Nicholas P. Toth, Kathy Schick, John Kearney
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- The Paleontological Society Special Publications / Volume 13 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, pp. 35-36
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- 2014
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Use of virulence determinants and seropathotypes to distinguish high- and low-risk Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 isolates from Europe
- M. F. ANJUM, E. JONES, V. MORRISON, R. TOZZOLI, S. MORABITO, I. TOTH, B. NAGY, G. SMITH, A. ASPAN, E. M. NIELSEN, P. FACH, S. HERRERA-LEÓN, M. J. WOODWARD, R. M. LA RAGIONE
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 142 / Issue 5 / May 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2013, pp. 1019-1028
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The presence of 10 virulence genes was examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 365 European O157 and non-O157 Escherichia coli isolates associated with verotoxin production. Strain-specific PCR data were analysed using hierarchical clustering. The resulting dendrogram clearly separated O157 from non-O157 strains. The former clustered typical high-risk seropathotype (SPT) A strains from all regions, including Sweden and Spain, which were homogenous by Cramer's V statistic, and strains with less typical O157 features mostly from Hungary. The non-O157 strains divided into a high-risk SPTB harbouring O26, O111 and O103 strains, a group pathogenic to pigs, and a group with few virulence genes other than for verotoxin. The data demonstrate SPT designation and selected PCR separated verotoxigenic E. coli of high and low risk to humans; although more virulence genes or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis will need to be included to separate high-risk strains further for epidemiological tracing.
Contributors
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- By Ghazi Al-Rawas, Vazken Andréassian, Tianqi Ao, Stacey A. Archfield, Berit Arheimer, András Bárdossy, Trent Biggs, Günter Blöschl, Theresa Blume, Marco Borga, Helge Bormann, Gianluca Botter, Tom Brown, Donald H. Burn, Sean K. Carey, Attilio Castellarin, Francis Chiew, François Colin, Paulin Coulibaly, Armand Crabit, Barry Croke, Siegfried Demuth, Qingyun Duan, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Thomas Dunne, Ying Fan, Xing Fang, Boris Gartsman, Alexander Gelfan, Mikhail Georgievski, Nick van de Giesen, David C. Goodrich, Hoshin V. Gupta, Khaled Haddad, David M. Hannah, H. A. P. Hapuarachchi, Hege Hisdal, Kamila Hlavčová, Markus Hrachowitz, Denis A. Hughes, Günter Humer, Ruud Hurkmans, Vito Iacobellis, Elena Ilyichyova, Hiroshi Ishidaira, Graham Jewitt, Shaofeng Jia, Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Anthony S. Kiem, Robert Kirnbauer, Thomas R. Kjeldsen, Jürgen Komma, Leonid M. Korytny, Charles N. Kroll, George Kuczera, Gregor Laaha, Henny A. J. van Lanen, Hjalmar Laudon, Jens Liebe, Shijun Lin, Göran Lindström, Suxia Liu, Jun Magome, Danny G. Marks, Dominic Mazvimavi, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Brian L. McGlynn, Kevin J. McGuire, Neil McIntyre, Thomas A. McMahon, Ralf Merz, Robert A. Metcalfe, Alberto Montanari, David Morris, Roger Moussa, Lakshman Nandagiri, Thomas Nester, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, Ludovic Oudin, Juraj Parajka, Charles S. Pearson, Murray C. Peel, Charles Perrin, John W. Pomeroy, David A. Post, Ataur Rahman, Liliang Ren, Magdalena Rogger, Dan Rosbjerg, José Luis Salinas, Jos Samuel, Eric Sauquet, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Takahiro Sayama, John C. Schaake, Kevin Shook, Murugesu Sivapalan, Jon Olav Skøien, Chris Soulsby, Christopher Spence, R. ‘Sri’ Srikanthan, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Jan Szolgay, Yasuto Tachikawa, Kuniyoshi Takeuchi, Lena M. Tallaksen, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Sally E. Thompson, Elena Toth, Peter A. Troch, Remko Uijlenhoet, Carl L. Unkrich, Alberto Viglione, Neil R. Viney, Richard M. Vogel, Thorsten Wagener, M. Todd Walter, Guoqiang Wang, Markus Weiler, Rolf Weingartner, Erwin Weinmann, Hessel Winsemius, Ross A. Woods, Dawen Yang, Chihiro Yoshimura, Andy Young, Gordon Young, Erwin Zehe, Yongqiang Zhang, Maichun C. Zhou
- Edited by Günter Blöschl, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Murugesu Sivapalan, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Thorsten Wagener, University of Bristol, Alberto Viglione, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Hubert Savenije, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
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- Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins
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- 05 April 2013
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- 18 April 2013, pp ix-xiv
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- By John Dennis Anderson, William Blazek, Linda Costanzo Cahir, Sharon Kehl Califano, Donna Campbell, Helena Chance, Melanie Dawson, Linda De Roche, Anne-Marie Evans, Susan Goodman, Jennifer Haytock, Adam Jabbur, Katherine Joslin, Pamela Knights, Heidi M. Kunz, Jessica Schubert McCarthy, Bonnie Shannon McMullen, Cecilia Macheski, Maureen E. Montgomery, Elsa Nettels, Julie Olin-Ammentorp, Emily J. Orlando, Robin Peel, Melissa M. Pennell, Laura Rattray, Judith P. Saunders, Sharon Shaloo, Gail D. Sinclair, Carol J. Singley, Margaret Toth, Gary Totten, Linda Wagner-Martin
- Edited by Laura Rattray, University of Hull
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- Edith Wharton in Context
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- 05 November 2012
- Print publication:
- 08 October 2012, pp ix-xvi
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Large retinal ganglion cells in the pipid frog Xenopus laevis form independent, regular mosaics resembling those of teleost fishes
- K. M. Shamim, P. Tóth, J. E. Cook
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- Journal:
- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 14 / Issue 5 / September 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 June 2009, pp. 811-826
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Population-based studies of retinal neurons have helped to reveal their natural types in mammals and teleost fishes. In this, the first such study in a frog, labeled ganglion cells of the mesobatrachian Xenopus laevis were examined in flatmounts. Cells with large somata and thick dendrites could be divided into three mosaic-forming types, each with its own characteristic stratification pattern. These are named αa, αab, and αc, following a scheme recently used for teleosts. Cells of the αa mosaic (~0.4% of all ganglion cells) had very large somata and trees, arborizing diffusely within sublamina a (the most sclerad). Their distal dendrites were sparsely branched but achieved consistent coverage by intersecting those of their neighbors. Displaced and orthotopic cells belonged to the same mosaic, as did cells with symmetric and asymmetric trees. Cells of the αab mosaic (~1.2%) had large somata, somewhat smaller trees that appeared bistratified at low magnification, and dendrites that branched extensively. Their distal dendrites arborized throughout sublamina b and the vitread part of a, tessellating with their neighbors. All were orthotopic; most were symmetric. Cells of the αc mosaic (~0.5%) had large somata and very large, sparse, flat, overlapping trees, predominantly in sublamina c. All were orthotopic; some were asymmetric. Nearest-neighbor analyses and spatial correlograms confirmed that each mosaic was regular and independent, and that spacings were reduced in juvenile frogs. Densities, proportions, sizes, and mosaic statistics are tabulated for all three types, which are compared with types defined previously by size and symmetry in Xenopus and potentially homologous mosaic-forming types in teleosts. Our results reveal strong organizational similarities between the large ganglion cells of teleosts and frogs. They also demonstrate the value of introducing mosaic analysis at an early stage to help identify characters that are useful markers for natural types and that distinguish between within-type and between-type variation in neuronal populations.
Large retinal ganglion cells that form independent, regular mosaics in the ranid frogs Rana esculenta and Rana pipiens
- K. M. Shamim, F. Scalia, P. Tóth, J. E. Cook
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- Journal:
- Visual Neuroscience / Volume 14 / Issue 6 / November 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 June 2009, pp. 1109-1127
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Population-based studies of ganglion cells in retinal flatmounts have helped to reveal some of their natural types in mammals, teleost fish and, recently, the aquatic mesobatrachian frog Xenopus laevis. Here, ganglion cells of the semiterrestrial neobatrachian frogs Rana esculenta and Rana pipiens have been studied similarly. Ganglion cells with large somata and thick dendrites could again be divided into three mosaic-forming types with distinctive stratification patterns. Cell dimensions correlated inversely with density, being smallest in the visual streak. Cells of the αa mosaic (<0.2% of all ganglion cells) had the largest somata at each location (often displaced) and their trees were confined to one shallow plane within sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer. In regions of high regularity, many trees were symmetric. Elsewhere, asymmetric, irregular trees predominated and their dendrites, although sparsely branched, achieved consistent coverage by intersecting in complex ways. Cells of the αab mosaic were more numerous (≈0.7%) and had large somata, smaller (but still large) trees, and dendrites that branched extensively in two separate shallow planes in sublaminae a and b. The subtrees did not always match in symmetry, and each subtree tessellated independently with its neighbors. Cells of the αc mosaic (≈0.1%) had large, orthotopic somata and large, sparse trees (often asymmetric and irregular) close to the ganglion cell layer. Nearest-neighbor analyses and spatial correlograms confirmed that each mosaic was regular and independent. Densities, proportions, sizes, and mosaic statistics are tabulated for all three types, which are compared with types defined by size and symmetry in R. pipiens, by discriminant analysis in R. temporaria, by physiological response in both, and by mosaic analysis in Xenopus and several teleosts. The variable stratification of these otherwise similar types across species is consistent with other evidence that stratification may be determined, in part, by functional interactions.
14 - Signatures of habitats and life in Earth's high-altitude lakes: clues to Noachian aqueous environments on Mars
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- By Nathalie A. Cabrol, Space Science Division, MS 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, California, Chris P. McKay, Space Science Division, MS 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, California, Edmond A. Grin, Space Science Division, MS 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, California, Keve T. Kiss, Hungarian Danube Research Station, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Göd, Era Ács, Hungarian Danube Research Station, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Göd, Balint Tóth, Hungarian Danube Research Station, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Göd, Istran Grigorszky, Debrecen University, Botanical Department, Debrecen, K. Szabò, Eötvös L. University, Microbiological Department, Budapest, David A. Fike, Eötvös L. University, Microbiological Department, Budapest, Andrew N. Hock, University of California, Los Angeles, Cecilia Demergasso, Laboratorio de Microbiología Técnica, Avda, Lorena Escudero, Laboratorio de Microbiología Técnica, Avda, P. Galleguillos, Laboratorio de Microbiología Técnica, Avda, Guillermo Chong, Departamento de Geología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda, Brian H. Grigsby, Schreder Planetarium/ARISE, Redding, Jebner Zambrana Román, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERGEOMIN), La Paz, Cristian Tambley, Department of Astrophysics, Avda
- Edited by Mary Chapman
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- The Geology of Mars
- Published online:
- 18 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 17 May 2007, pp 349-370
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Summary
Introduction
A series of astrobiological high-altitude expeditions to the South American Andean Mountains were initiated in 2002 to explore the highest perennial lakes on Earth, including several volcanic crater lakes at or above 6000 m in elevation. During the next five years, they will provide the first integrated long-term astrobiological characterization and monitoring of lacustrine environments and their biology at such an altitude. These extreme lakes are natural laboratories that provide the field data, currently missing above 4000 m, to complete our understanding of terrestrial lakes and biota. Research is being performed on the effects of UV in low-altitude lakes and models of UV flux over time have been developed (Cockell, 2000). The lakes showing a high content of dissolved organic material (DOM) shield organisms from UV effects (McKenzie et al., 1999; Rae et al., 2000). DOM acts as a natural sunscreen by influencing water transparency, and therefore is a determinant of photic zone depth (Reche et al., 2000). In sparsely vegetated alpine areas, lakes tend to be clearer and offer less protection from UV to organisms living in the water. Transparent water, combined with high UV irradiance may maximize the penetration and effect of UV radiation as shown for organisms in alpine lakes (e.g., Vincent et al., 1984; Vinebrook and Leavitt, 1996). Shallow-water benthic communities in these lakes are particularly sensitive to UV radiation. Periphyton, which defines communities of microorganisms in bodies of water, can live on various susbtrates.
Notes on the contributors
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- By Lisanne Ackermann, James Allen, Judit Arends-Tóth, Uzi Ben-Shalom, John W. Berry, Dharm P. S. Bhawuk, Stephen Bochner, Virginie Boutry, Giorgia Donà, Esther Ehrensaft, Edvard Hauff, John E. Hayfron, Gabriel Horenczyk, Ankica Kosic, Siv Kvernmo, Dan Landis, Chan-Hoong Leong, Karmela Liebkind, Kevin Lo, Anne-Marie Masgoret, Huong H. Nguyen, Kimberly A. Noels, Brit Oppedal, Karen Phalet, Lena Robinson, Amanda Rogers, Colette Sabatier, David L. Sam, David Sang, Michel Tousignant, Aina Basilier Vaage, Fons R. van de Vijver, Jan Pieter van Oudenhoven, Paul Vedder, Colleen Ward, Charles Westin
- Edited by David L. Sam, Universitetet i Bergen, Norway, John W. Berry
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 03 August 2006, pp xi-xix
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Charging Processes in Low Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Bradley L. Thiel, Milos Toth, John P. Craven
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 10 / Issue 6 / December 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2004, pp. 711-720
- Print publication:
- December 2004
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A framework is presented for understanding charging processes in low vacuum scanning electron microscopy. We consider the effects of electric fields generated above and below the specimen surface and their effects on various processes taking place in the system. These processes include the formation of an ionic space charge, field-enhanced electron emission, charge trapping and dissipation, and electron–ion recombination. The physical mechanisms behind each of these processes are discussed, as are the microscope operating conditions under which each process is most effective. Readily observable effects on gas gain curves, secondary electron images, and X-ray spectra are discussed.